Proposals on COASTAL EROSION
MITIGATION OF COASTAL EROSION AND RESTORATION OF DEGRADED AREAS
IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
1.
IDENTIFIERS
PROJECT NUMBER: COS1
PROJECT TITLE: Mitigation of coastal erosion and restoration of degraded areas in Sub-Saharan Africa
REQUESTING COUNTRIES:
Through the national reports and co-ordinators, the following countries contributed to the proposal concepts
and requested direct intervention to coastal erosion, i.e. mitigation and restoration of degraded areas. Some
countries will participate in some activities of direct intervention nature and some of them will participate
through sharing of experience and information.
Country
Component 1
Component 2
Component 3
Output 1
Output
Output
Output
2.1
2.2
2.3
Cote d'Ivoire
X X X
The Gambia
X
Ghana
X X X
Kenya
X
X
Mauritius
X
X X X X
Mozambique X
X X X
Nigeria
X X X
Senegal
X X X
Seychelles
X
X
Tanzania
X
X X X X
South Africa
X X X
REQUESTING NATIONAL ORGANISATIONS:
Cote d'Ivoire: Ministère de l'Equipement
Gambia: National Environmental Agency (NEA)
Ghana: Ministry of Environment & Science, Ministry of Works and Housing
Kenya: Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development
Mauritius: Ministry of Environment
Mozambique: Ministry of Coordination and Environmental Affairs (MICOA)
Nigeria: Federal Ministry of Environment
Senegal: Ministère de la Jeunesse, de l'Environnement et de l'Hygiène Publique
Seychelles : Ministry of Environment
South Africa: Ministry of Environmental Affairs and Tourism
Tanzania: National Environment Management Council (NEMC)
EXECUTING AGENCIES:
Cote d'Ivoire: Port Autonome d'Abidjan (PAA), Centre de Recherché Oceanographiques (CRO)
The Gambia: Department of State for Tourism and Culture
Ghana: Ministry of Works and Housing/Hydrological Services Department
Nigeria: Federal Ministry of Environment
Mauritius: Ministry of Environment
Mozambique: MICOA
Kenya: Coast Development Authority
Mozambique: Ministry of Environment
Senegal: Office of Environment and the Classified Establishments in collaboration with the University of
Dakar and Office of Civil Engineering
Seychelles: Ministry of Environment
South Africa: Saldanha Bay Municipality, Common Ground Consulting, Prestedge Retief Dresner
Wijnberg, local contractors
Tanzania: National Environment Management Council (NEMC)
POSSIBLE LOCAL PARTNERS:
Cote d'Ivoire: Projet Littoral, Bureau National d'Etudes Techniques et de Developpement, Universite de
Cocody
The Gambia: Department of Technical Services, Geology Unit
Ghana: Environmental Protection Agency, District Assemblies of Coastal Districts, Private Hotel Owners,
Private Estates Developers, Museums and Monumnets Board, Ministry of Food and Agriculture
Nigeria: Federal Government of Nigeria, all littoral States in Nigeria, Tourist Company of Nigeria, OPTS
Mauritius: Proposed Beach Authority, Ministry of Local Government, AHRIM, Mauritius Research
Council
Senegal: The National Agency of Investissement Promotion (APIX)
Seychelles: Ministry of Industries and International Business and Tourism, Civil Aviation, Ministry of Land
Use and Habitat/ Ministry of Tourism
Kenya: Kenya Wildlife Services, National Environment Management Authority, Physical Planning
Department, Department of Roads and Public Works
Mozambique: Ministry of Public Works and Housing (MOPH), Local Authorities, Municipalities
South Africa: Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism, South African National Parks (West
Coast National Park), Development Bank of South Africa, Provincial Administration of the Western Cape
Province (Consolidated Municipal Infrastructure Programme), National Ports Authority
Tanzania: Ministry of Works, Local Authorities
PRIORITY ISSUE ADDRESSED:
- GIWA ISSUE # 13: Loss and modification of Ecosystems and Ecotones
- NAIROBI AND ABIDJAN CONVENTIONS for the Protection, Management and Development of
the Marine and Coastal Environment of the EA and West African Regions
- MAPUTO AND CAPE TOWN DECLARATIONS ON THE AFRICAN PROCESS: For the
Development and Protection of the Coastal and Marine Environment with particular reference to Sub-
Saharan Africa
- Arusha resolution 1993
REGIONAL SCOPE:
All activities will be co-ordinated and managed at both regional and national levels. It is proposed that
identification of affected and vulnerable areas to erosion will be undertaken in all requesting countries except
Cote d'Ivoire, The Gambia, Ghana, Nigeria, Seychelles, and South Africa. Investigation on factors affecting
shoreline change and implementing mitigation options will be carried out at hotspots and sensitive areas in
Cote d'Ivoire, Ghana, Mozambique, Mauritius, Nigeria, Senegal, South Africa and Tanzania. Capacity
building and awareness raising will be implemented in all the requesting countries of the Sub-Saharan
Africa. This component is envisaged to enhance procurement of field and laboratory equipment, training
courses and workshops, intra-regional and international collaboration in restoration of degraded areas and
mitigation of coastal erosion. Countries of the Sub-Saharan Africa will benefit from experiences and
information gained from projects related to coastal erosion mitigation in The Gambia, Ghana, Nigeria,
Seychelles and South Africa.
Other countries in the region, e.g. Cameroon, Guinea Bissau, Togo, Benin and the Comoros can benefit from
the results, information and experiences from the project. In addition, they will be invited to participate in the
training programmes and in regional workshops.
UNEP/RCU ( Nairobi Convention) under its 2nd Biennium programme has got a specific component for
coastal erosion. A workshop, jointly funded by UNEP and Reunion (France) is being organised in October
2002 on addressing coastal erosion in the region, especially those which are party to the Nairobi Convention.
PROJECT LOCATION:
Co-ordination of the project and the studies and capacity building efforts will be headquartered in one
location to be defined later. The various activities of the project will be carried out in the participating
countries at hotspots and sensitive areas as follows:
Cote d'Ivoire: Component 2 Demonstrative restoration of the Grand-Lahou area
The Gambia: Component 3 Capacity building for monitoring the effects of the on-going coastal protection
project in the Gambia (2002-2004)
Ghana: Component 2 - To design the restoration of the integrity of the Ada-Volta Delta Anyanui Estuary
Mangrove Complex. This will involve designing of an appropriate shoreline protection, designing of an
entrainment structure and replanting of mangroves in the degraded mangrove areas.
Kenya: Component 1 - Assessment of sources and loads of suspended sediments discharge into the Bay.
Assessment of the impacts of suspended sediments on the ecosystems especially the beach, coral reefs,
seagrass and mangroves in the Malindi Bay
Mauritius: Component 2 - Assess the present level of shoreline changes, model coastal hydrodynamics and
forecasting the impact of future coastal developments, design and test novel protective measures at Flic and
Flac, Riambel and Grand Bay and monitor the effect of these measures on the shoreline.
Nigeria: Component 2: To design the restoration of the integrity of degraded areas at Eket, Lagos, Forcados
and Ondo (Mahin). This will involve testing of a protection measure at one of the degraded areas.
Senegal: Component 2 - The implementation of the project will take place in the Cap-Vert Peninsula Little
Coast area. This objective of this project is to:
- Carry out topographic, geologic, oceanographic, hydro-meteorological and geotechnical studies
- Assess the effectiveness of the protection methods already set in place in the previous years and
- Design the restoration of the degraded areas at Mbor, Kayar, Ouraye Lake, "Fleche de Joal, Mbodiene"
and Fleche de Sangomar. Implement a demonstrative protection at one of the six degraded areas.
Component 3: - Capacity building will involve formulation of technical norms for future buildings in the
area and consolidation of an integrated management of the coastline in Cap-Vert Peninsula
Seychelles: Component 3: Capacity building in research and development of alternative building materials
and Component 2 Re-vegetation to establish the natural coastline.
-coastal morphology capactity building for beach replenishment
- soft and engineered approaches to reducing impacts of coastal erosion
-compendium of approached and wise practices in cpombating coastal erosion in the region
-training in sustainable coastal monitoring
-provision of simple coastal monitoting equipment.
South Africa: Component 2 Design and test a structure or partial replenishment that will be appropriate to
protect the beach at Langebaan.
Tanzania: Component 1 Assessment of the present level of shoreline changes of Tanzania shoreline
Component 2 - Design and testing of novel protective measures at Dar es Salaam and Jambiani in
Zanzibar
PROJECT DURATION: 3 5 years depending on duration of components
WORKING GROUP OF THE AFRICAN PROCESS: Coastal Erosion Working Group
2.
SUMMARY
Coastal erosion is a major environmental issue in Sub-Saharan Africa as it was indicated in the Abidjan and
Nairobi Conventions and in the Arusha resolution in 1993. Widespread and significant erosion of coasts,
whether due to anthropogenic or natural causes is known to be one of the most devastating environmental
problems of the coastal zone of a number of countries of the Sub-Saharan Africa, and has serious
implications on the entire national economies. Due to a concentration and increase of population and
economic activities in the coastal zone in general and particularly in the vicinity of the shores, the coastal
zone is highly vulnerable to many types of environmental degradation. The threat of global warming that
will induce acceleration in sea-level rise is an important phenomenon, which could contribute to more
degradation of the coastal zone. The threat of sea level rise appears clearly from the first Initial National
Communications presented by Sub-Saharan Countries and particularly Small Islands States.
The first phase of the GEF MSP project on "Development and Protection of the Coastal and Marine
Environment in Sub-Saharan Africa" identified coastal erosion as one of the key issues affecting the
countries. On the basis of the outputs of the first phase, Coastal Erosion was adopted as one of the themes for
the five Working Groups for the second phase of the GEF MSP project.
Within the National Reports, countries identified coastal erosion as an important issue, either directly (as in
the case of Ghana, Mauritius and Seychelles) or as a cause of for example habitat modification or destruction
(Côte d'Ivoire, The Gambia, Senegal and Tanzania). With regards to future threats and coastal erosion,
climate change is considered as one of the potential causative factors of coastal erosion, as identified in Cote
d'Ivoire. The UNEP LBS report for west and central Africa refers to it as "one of the predominant problems
of the region". Modification of the shoreline has been reported both as coastal erosion (in many instances)
but also as accretion in case of high loads of sediments transported to the sea front.
Along the 80 km long stretch of the Gambia beach front, on average the coastline is eroding at a rate of 1 to
2 metres per year (Barrow, 1991; UNEP, 1998). Using these figures, the estimated land lost annually
amounts to 2.5 to 3 hectares or 200,000 - 300,000 m3 per year (UNEP, 1998). The rate of erosion is very
variable, however, and is much higher in critical areas such as the developed coastline around Banjul and the
sand mining areas, notably at Bijilo and Kololi beach. Even though other natural factors have been
determined to be responsible for the rapid rate of erosion of the beaches along the Atlantic Ocean, "excessive
removal of beach sand by the building and construction sector has equally been responsible. The main source
of sand for the sector particularly has been from the coastal dunes for over thirty years. For the past decades,
an estimated 100,000 to 150,000 m3 of sand per year has been extracted from beaches between Kololi Point
and Bald Cape for use by the building and construction industry. There are no accurate figures available for
the amount of sand extracted illegally but physical observations estimate 25,000 to 50,000 m3 per year. This
area is one of the most critically eroded areas along The Gambia coastline with erosion rates estimated at 4
to 5 metres per year".
Coastal erosion is also a major feature of the shoreline of Ghana, especially on the eastern shores. "With the
loss of mangrove stands through human exploitation comes the loss of its shoreline protective feature. This
contributed to the enormity of the erosion problem in the delta area of the Volta River. The report further
notes that the erosion of shorelines destroys turtle egg-laying sites and also exposes this critical stage of the
life of the turtle to predators such as dogs, pigs and humans".
In Nigeria, coastal erosion results from the modification of ecosystems and is also considered under the
global climate change and sea level rise issues. Affected sites include Eket, Lagos, Forcados and Ondo
(Mahin).
The Senegal report confirms rates of coastal retreat comprised between 1 and 2 m per year (Niang-Diop,
1993). The main impact of coastal erosion includes loss of land and destruction of infrastructure. The report
cites one fishing factory and a guards' house closed in 1989 in the Saloum Delta National Park, the
abandonment of the village of Palmarin that has been rebuilt on the other side of the road, displacement of
tourism facilities, roads and other equipment.
The socio-economic cost of erosion is already high in countries of the Sub-Saharan Africa. For example, in
The Gambia, it has already destroyed buildings, tourist facilities, and historical and cultural sites. More than
60% of economic activities (fisheries, tourism, forestry, agriculture, marine transportation, quarrying and
industrial activities) are concentrated there. Coastal land lost due to erosion poses similar threat to
components of the natural ecosystem such as the mangrove areas and wildlife parks. It is also posing a
serious threat to the main highway linking Banjul to the rest of the country. Its impact on the Tourism sector,
which has become a leading sector in the national economy with a contribution about 10% to 12 % of the
GDP, is devastating. Coastal erosion is increasingly exposing and damaging fish landing installations and
infrastructure.
In Kenya and Mozambique, beach accretion has taken place, such that beach hotels have lost their beach
frontage. For example, due to the nature of the river-sediment being deposited (brown sand and silt) the
aesthetic value of the beach along the Malindi Bay has been lost making them less attractive to the
development of tourism.
In Seychelles and Mauritius where tourism represents a major source of employment and foreign exchange,
beachfronts have eroded away leading to the destruction of coastal infrastructures. Unplanned and unwise
land use development, by the tourism industry itself for example have resulted in higher erosion rates, in
some areas, e.g. Gambia and Mauritius. The overexploitation of mangroves in Ghana, as for example in the
Ada-Volta Delta Anyanui Estuary Mangrove Complex (AVDEAMC) and the damming on the Volta River
have caused sediment transport changes and thereby resulting in erosion and destruction of key species
habitat.
The goal of the project is to restore the integrity of the degraded hotspots and sensitive areas through
designing and testing simple but effective protection measures. Through this project, the capacity of the Sub-
Saharan African countries in coastal protection and management will be enhanced. The project objectives
are:
(1)
To assess populations and resources that have been affected and map vulnerable areas and
resources to coastal erosion
(2)
To design and test restoration and protection measures in the degraded (eroded or accreted)
hotspots and sensitive areas
(3)
To enhance capacity of the Sub-Saharan Africa in sustainable coastal protection methods and
management
In order to meet these objectives, the activities are divided into three main components and these include:
Component 1: Identification of affected and vulnerable areas to erosion
Component 2: Investigation on factors affecting shoreline change and implementation of demonstrative
mitigation options at hotspots and sensitive areas
Component 3: Capacity building and awareness raising
Expected outputs include identified sites that are affected and vulnerable to coastal erosion, regional GIS
maps and database, maps containing information on the suitability of coastal areas for various economic
activities. The implementation of Component 2 will generate information on causes of coastal erosion in the
hotspots and sensitive areas. The pilot/demonstration sites will be examples for other parts of Africa to
emulate. As part of the project guidelines/protocols for the planning, designing and implementation of
mitigation options will be produced. Alternative building materials will be investigated in the course of the
project and some novel protection methods will be tested. In enhancing capacity building and public
awareness, data acquisition and analysis equipment will be acquired, local professionals trained and
awareness in stakeholders on the best practices of coastal protection raised. Intra-regional and international
collaboration will be enhanced through study visits and workshops. A regional database may be set up for
the common good of the region.
Implementation of this project will demonstrate the best practices to stabilise the shorelines and therefore
save properties under threat. Areas reclaimed at the demonstration sites could now be used for tourist
facilities such as hotels and other recreational facilities. Basing on the demonstration sites, national
governments will use the designs to restore and protect other areas. Beneficiaries of this project include
national governments, the public, investors and the scientific community.
3.
COSTS AND FINANCING : Million US $: 29.95 of which
-
External funding : US$24.96
-
National Governments: US$ 4.991
4.
GOVERNMENT ENDORSEMENT:
Cote d'Ivoire: Ministere de l'Equipement, Ministere de l'Enseignement Superieur et de la Recherché
Scientifique
The Gambia: National Environment Agency (NEA)
Ghana: Ministry of Environment and Science, Ministry of Works and Housing
Nigeria: Federal Ministry of Environment
Mauritius: Ministry of Environment
Senegal: Mme Fatimata Dia-Toure, Director of the Environment and Classified Establishments
Seychelles : Mr Lousteau-Lalane, Principal Secretary, Ministry of Environment
Kenya: Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute (KMFRI), (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural
Development), Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources.
Mozambique: MICOA
South Africa: Ms Rejoice Mabudafhasi, Deputy Minister, Ministry of Environmental Affairs and Tourism
Tanzania: Ministry of Environment
5.
GOVERNMENT FOCAL POINTS
Cote d'Ivoire Environment Department, Centre de Recherché Oceanographiques (CRO)
The Gambia - Department of State for Works, Communications and Information
Ghana Ministry of Works and Housing/Hydrological Services Department
Nigeria Larry Awosika, Nigerian Institute for Oceanography and Marine Research (NIOMR)
Mauritius Director, Department of Environment, Ken Lee Tower, 2nd Floor Port Louis
Senegal Mme Fatimata Dia-Toure, Direction de l'Environnement et des Etablissements Classés, Ministère
de la Jeunesse, de l'Environnement et des Etablissements Classés
Seychelles Mr Rolph Payet, Director General, Policy planning, Ministry of Environment
Kenya Mr Ali Mohammed, Ministry of Environmental and Natural Resources
Mozambique National Director of Environmental Management MICOA
South Africa Saldanha Bay Municipality
Tanzania Director, Institute of Marine Sciences
6.
AFRICAN PROCESS WORKING GROUP FOCAL POINTS:
Coastal erosion group: Dr. Isabelle NIANG-DIOP, University C. A. Diop of Dakar, Senegal, Regional Co-
ordinator
Dr Alfonse DUBI, Technical expert Institute of Marine Sciences, University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
Dr Delphine MALLERET-KING, - Technical expert - Private Consultant, Kenya
1 This budget is preliminary and has not undergone a full consultation process with the respective countries.
Therefore, it does not indicate the actual financial commitment that would be provided by participating
countries once the project proposal and its components are finalised.
PROJECT DESCRIPTION
1. Background and justification
Coastal erosion, whether it is caused by natural or human - induced factors, is known to be one of the most
devastating environmental problems of the coastal zone of a number of countries of the Sub-Saharan Africa,
and has serious implications on the entire national economies. Natural causes include climate change, i.e.
increased concentrations of greenhouse gases, changes in meteorological conditions (winds, precipitation,
barometric pressure, temperature) and sea level. Anthropogenic causes include damming and non-sustainable
use of resources.
Climate change resulting from increased concentrations of greenhouse gases such as CO2 and other trace
gases would affect the hydrological process, which has a direct impact on water and coastal erosion. Climate
change would affect precipitation such that regions with increased precipitation would experience increased
runoff and river sediment load transport while the reverse would be observed in regions with decreased
precipitation.
Therefore, a change in the world's weather pattern will result in the variability of water discharge and
sediment supply to the coastal zone. Droughts will result in the reduction of sediment supply to the coastal
zone through rivers. Information on changes on meteorological conditions, especially rainfall, winds and
temperature must be obtained in order to assess climate variability and its effect on the coastal zone.
A natural coastal system that experiences sea level rise can be affected in several ways. From an erosion
perspective, the most important physical effect is a slow, long-term recession of the shoreline due to direct
flooding and partly to profile adjustment to the higher level. Generally a 1-cm rise in sea level would result
in a 1-m shoreline retreat (Bruun, 1962)
The potential socio-economic impacts of sea level rise may be summarised as follows:
- direct loss of economic, ecological and cultural values through the loss of land, infrastructure
and coastal habitats
- increased flood risk of people, land and infrastructure and the above-mentioned values
- Impacts related to change in water management, salinity and biological effects.
Studies have shown that a rise in sea level would claim vast areas of land and other economic properties. For
example, Mwandosya et al. (1998) examined two sea level rise scenarios of 0.5 m and 1.0 m in Tanzania,.
The study suggests that a 1.0 m rise in sea level would permanently flood about 500 km2 of land, most of
which is wetlands. Inundation would claim about 250 km2 for 0.5 m of sea level rise and about 490 km2 for
1-m rise of sea level. Future erosion rates were projected using the Bruun Rule for Dar es Salaam in response
to global warming and accelerated sea level rise of 1 m to about 9 km2. Aerial videotape-assisted
Vulnerability Analysis (AVVA) together with ground-truthing exercise for Dar es Salaam suggested an area
of about 12 km2 of land would be lost for the same rise in sea level. This land loss would claim buildings and
other structures valued at about Tsh. 50 billion and Tsh. 86 billion for 0.5m and 1.0m of sea level rise
respectively. Expected storm surges of 5m would bring a damage of over Tsh. 200 billion for Dar es Salaam.
In Nigeria, Awosika et al. (1992) examined four sea level rise scenarios of 0.2 m, 0.5 1.0 m and 2.0 m. for
four locations in Nigeria. Table 1 shows projected land loss due to erosion and inundation for the four sea-
level rise scenarios.
Table 1. Total Land Loss (km2 by Shoreline Type) due to Erosion and Inundation Different SLR Scenarios
(Awosika et al 1992)
Low Estimate
High Estimate
SLR 0.2m
0.5m
1.0m
2.0m
0.2m
0.5.m 1.0m 2.0m
Barrier 177 284 584 1167
118 289 602 1204
Mahin Mud
403
1008
2016
3456
403
1008
2016
3456
Delta 2846
7453
15125
18398
2865
7500 15332 18803
Strand 79 197
395 575 85 212 446 677
Total 3445
8942
18120
23596
3471
9009 18396 24140
The potential impacts of climate change by itself may not always be the largest threat to natural coastal
systems. But, in conjunction with other stresses, such as the actions of man, they can become a serious issue
for coastal societies, particularly in those areas where the adaptive capacity of natural coastal systems has
been reduced (Bijlsma et al., 1996). Factors that interact with climate change are non-sustainable resource
use and developments that adversely affect the natural capability of these systems to adapt to climate change.
The factors include (Goldberg, 1994):
- over-exploitation of resources (sand and coral mining, mangrove cutting, groundwater and
hydrocarbons)
- pollution
- decreasing freshwater availability
- sediment starvation and urbanisation (dam construction, construction on beaches, human
settlements).
Existing policies and practices can also increase the coastal zone's vulnerability to climate change. These
practices include:
- investments in potentially hazardous zones
- inappropriate coastal defence schemes and
- coastal habitat conversions
The threat of sea level rise appears clearly from the first Initial National Communications presented by Sub-
Saharan Countries and particularly Small Islands States.
The first phase of the GEF MSP project on "Development and Protection of the Coastal and Marine
Environment in Sub-Saharan Africa" identified coastal erosion as one of the key issues affecting the
countries. On the basis of the outputs of the first phase, Coastal Erosion was adopted as one of the themes for
the five Working Groups for the second phase of the GEF MSP project.
Within the National Reports, countries identified coastal erosion as an important issue, either directly (as in
the case of Ghana, Mauritius and Seychelles) or as a cause of for example habitat modification or destruction
(Côte d'Ivoire, The Gambia, Senegal and Tanzania). With regards to future threats and coastal erosion,
climate change is considered as one of the potential causative factors of coastal erosion, as identified in Cote
d'Ivoire. The UNEP LBS report for west and central Africa refers to it as "one of the predominant problems
of the region". Modification of the shoreline has been reported both as coastal erosion (in many instances)
but also as accretion in case of high loads of sediments transported to the sea front. In the Sub-Saharan
Africa, modification of the shoreline has been reported both as coastal erosion (in many instances) but also
as accretion in case of high loads of sediments transported to the sea front.
In Cote d'Ivoire, coastal erosion is linked to the degradation of habitats, as is a result of the following
causes: - harbour/port construction; clearance of coastal vegetation; mining and construction; dams
construction; and sea level rise. Coastal erosion is severe along the south-eastern coast (Fresco, Vridi, Port-
Bouët to Ghana Border) where rates of 1 to 2 m per year have been reported. The Cote d'Ivoire National
Report quotes "The loss of aesthetic value due to erosion and beach accretion in the Grand-Lahou area have
led to loss of income and foreign exchange from tourism as a number of tourist hotels have lost their beach
frontage. The degradation of the coastline causes, according to a study conducted by the World Bank in
1989, a loss of the landed value of the developed or non- developed properties estimated to 1,9 billion FCFA
in 1998. Grand Bassam (classified as historic site by UNESCO), Assinie and Grand-Lahou, and a national
park at Azagny (RAMSAR site) are examples of historic cities and sites destined to disappear if nothing is
done to stop severe coastal erosion occurring along eastern part of the coastline."
In The Gambia, coastal erosion is one aspect of the issue of modification of ecosystems. It was identified as
a major problem in 2 hot spots (Tanbi Wetland Complex and River Tanji Bird Reserve and Bijol island) and
in 2 sensitive areas (the coast from Allahein river to Cape Point and Banjul island). The mean rate of coastal
erosion along the 80 km of coastlines extending from the river Allahein to Cape Point is estimated at 1 to 2
meters per year. However these rates are not uniform and the higher rates (4 to 5 m per year) are observed
close to the sand mining places (Bijilo and Kololi beaches). With these rates, the estimated land lost annually
amounts to 2.5 to 3 hectares or 200,000 - 300,000 m3 per year. Coastal erosion is already responsible for the
destruction of buildings, tourist facilities, historic and cultural sites and infrastructures in the two last
sensitive areas. It is also a major issue in Banjul where rates of retreat of 3 to 4 m/year have been measured
around the Muslim Cemetery, Radio Syd and the Boys Scout Headquarters.
Coastal erosion in Ghana was identified as major feature of the shoreline especially on the eastern shores in
the Ada-Volta Delta Anyanui Estuary Mangrove Complex (AVDEAMC). With the loss of mangrove stands
through human exploitation comes the loss of its shoreline protective feature. This contributed to the
enormity of the erosion problem in the catchment. The Ghana national report reports, " Following the
damming of the Volta River, the result of which cut off substantial amounts of sediments that reach the
littoral zone, erosion has become of critical concern averaging about 2 - 3 m/year in recent times. Ly (1980)
estimated the recession in the Keta area to have increased from 4 m/year before the construction of the dam
on the Volta River in 1965 to 8 m/year after the dam construction. The rate of erosion in the Keta area is the
worst that Ghana has ever experienced".
In Kenya, as a consequence of the high loads of suspended solids discharged through the Sabaki estuary, the
coral ecosystem extending into the Malindi National Marine Park and Reserve has been negatively impacted
(Obura, 1995) as evidenced by the shadowing of corals. As a result of the high sediment discharges and
deposition, the sea-grass communities have been impacted on negatively resulting into a reduction of species
diversity (Wakibia 1996); Beach accretion has taken place, such that beach hotels have lost their beach
frontage. Due to the nature of the river-sediment being deposited (brown sand and silt) the aesthetic value of
the beach along the Malindi Bay has been lost making them less attractive to the development of tourism.
In Mauritius, coastal erosion was identified as a major issue for 1 hot spot (Flic and Flac) and 2 sensitive
areas (Palmar/Belle Mare and Riambel/Pomponette) resulting in shoreline change. The National Report
quotes, "The worst sites for erosion are Pomponette and Riambel where a beach retreat of 4 m has been
recorded during a period of 3 years."
Impacts of coastal erosion in Mauritius include the loss of habitats for marine and other organisms; loss of
beach, and the reduction in beach protection, resulting in a potential decrease in earnings from tourism and
increased pressure on the coastal zone for other accommodation. There have been some studies on this issue
and mitigation measures, in the form of gabions, implemented in some localities on a trial basis. However,
the efficacy of these measures has to be assessed and long-term solutions have to be found and implemented.
Quote from the National Report "A survey dating back to 1996 revealed the presence of over 200
unwarranted or ill-designed jetties/groynes around the island (Prayag et al, 1995). Hotels and private
bungalows around the coast have their own jetties. Many of these jetties are not well designed and they
interfere with the circulation of water in the lagoons. Similarly sea walls built to delimit properties or
mitigate the action of waves are adversely affecting the lagoon and shoreline. In many cases the set back
distance has not been respected (Jootun et al, 1994). The compounded effects of the various hard structures
inevitably are having long-term consequences on the shoreline and the lagoon itself."
Mozambique identified coastal impact of the issues of "modification of stream flows" and
"modification/destruction of ecosystems". Hotspots in Mozambique include Maputo and Beira areas.
Intervention will include studies and implementation of mitigation options in one of the hotspots as a
demonstration site
Coastal erosion with concomitant flooding is causing widespread loss of ecosystems/ecotones in many areas in
Nigeria. The following extract from the Nigeria national report gives good testimony of it. "The Victoria beach
is the fastest eroding beach in Nigeria with average erosion rates of 20-30m annually. Between 1900 and 1959,
Victoria beach retreated by over 1km near the eastern mole, decreasing to about 400m some 3km eastwards
in the area of the Kuramo waters. However, the Lighthouse beach near the western breakwater accreted by
over 500m within the same period. Annual erosion rates of 25 - 30m had been reported between 1981 and
1985. This high rate of erosion has been linked to the construction of the moles built to stop the silting up of the
entrance to Lagos harbour. Erosion rates range between 18-24m annually at Ugborodo/Escravos station, 20-22m
annually at Forcados station, 16-19m annually at Brass Station, 15 - 20m annually at Kulama station, and 20-
24m annually at Bonny station and 10-14m annually at (Opobo river entrance) station (Ibe, 1988).
Senegal considered coastal erosion as one type of modification of ecosystems. It is identified as a major
issue for one of the Hot spots (Djiffere) and for one of the sensitive areas (Saloum estuary). Rates of coastal
retreat are generally comprised between 1 and 2 m par year. However in Djiffere coastal erosion has been
particularly severe after a breaching of the sand spit with erosion rates of more than 20 m a year. In the Cap
Vert Peninsula, especially the Little Coast, it has been noticed that over the last 50 years there has been a
retreat of the shoreline at an approximate rate of 1 to 1.3 m per year. The retreat has caused destruction of
houses and infrastructure.
In Seychelles coastal erosion was considered as a separate issue and was identified as affecting 2 hot spots;
the East Coast of Mahe and Anse Volbert. However, coastal erosion was considered as an environmental
impact of the issues of habitat modification and sea level rise.
In South Africa, more than 150 m of beach has been lost at the northern beach of Langebaan since 1960's,
of which 50-m have been lost in the past five years. The aggressive erosion has resulted in damage to
seafront properties, many of which belong to residents from a disadvantaged background. There is potential
loss of the town of Langebaan through the loss of an amenity and anticipated detrimental effects to the
Ramsar site. In 1997 a 1.5 km temporary rock revetment was constructed as an emergency measure. This
requires on-going maintenance at an annual cost of R500 000.
In Tanzania, shoreline erosion is one of the major threats to the stability of the coastal zone of Tanzania
linked to the modification of habitats. Hotspots include Dar es Salaam, Tanga, Mtwara and Zanzibar.
The socio-economic cost of erosion is already high in countries of the Sub-Saharan Africa. For example, in
The Gambia, it has already destroyed buildings, tourist facilities, and historical and cultural sites. More than
60% of economic activities (fisheries, tourism, forestry, agriculture, marine transportation, quarrying and
industrial activities) are concentrated there. Coastal land lost due to erosion poses similar threat to
components of the natural ecosystem such as the mangrove areas and wildlife parks. It is also posing a
serious threat to the main highway linking Banjul to the rest of the country. Its impact on the Tourism sector,
which has become a leading sector in the national economy with a contribution about 10% to 12 % of the
GDP, is devastating. Coastal erosion is increasingly exposing and damaging fish landing installations and
infrastructure.
The overexploitation of mangroves in Ghana, as for example in the Ada-Volta Delta Anyanui Estuary
Mangrove Complex (AVDEAMC) and the damming on the Volta River have caused sediment transport
changes and thereby resulting in erosion and destruction of key species habitat. However, the eastern shores
of Ghana have been identified to be major sea turtle nesting sites. Sea turtles are listed as endangered and
are among marine animals protected by law. Erosion of shorelines destroys turtle egg-laying sites. It also
exposes this critical stage of the life of the turtle to predators such as dogs, pigs and humans. Thus, the
prevalence of erosion on the shore contributes to the loss of sea turtle biodiversity. For instance, live
Hawksbill turtle, Erectmochelys imbricata, has not been recorded in appreciable quantities in Ghana within
the past 30 years. The Loggerhead turtle, Caretta caretta, could be described as highly endangered in
Ghanaian waters in the Keta Lagoon Complex hot spot and the East Central Sandy Coast sensitive area
where the rate of coastal retreat is estimated at 3 m per year.
In Kenya and Mozambique, beach accretion has taken place, such that beach hotels have lost their beach
frontage. One example is Malindi Bay in Kenya where, due to the nature of the river-sediment being
deposited (brown sand and silt) the aesthetic value of the beach has been lost making it less attractive to the
development of tourism.
In Seychelles and Mauritius where tourism represents a major source of employment and foreign exchange,
beachfronts have eroded away leading to the destruction of coastal infrastructures. Unplanned and unwise
land use development, by the tourism industry itself for example have resulted in higher erosion rates, in
some areas, e.g. Gambia and Mauritius.
This proposal is a contribution to the Programme of Intervention for the development and protection of the
coastal and marine environment of the Sub-Saharan Africa. The project will enhance the capacity of the Sub-
Saharan African states to restore and protect the coastal ecosystems from loss/modification of the habitats
that have been degraded through coastal erosion.
2. Objectives
and
expected
results
The goal of the project is to restore the integrity of the degraded hotspot and sensitive areas and protect them
from the recurrence of erosion. Through this project, the capacity of the Sub-Saharan African countries in
coastal protection and management will be enhanced. The main objectives of this project are:
(1)
To assess populations and resources that have been affected and map vulnerable areas and resources
to coastal erosion
(2)
To design and test restoration and protection measures in the degraded (eroded or accreted) hotspots
and sensitive areas
(3)
To enhance capacity of the Sub-Saharan Africa in sustainable coastal protection methods and
management
The achievement of these objectives will lead to the following expected results:
(a) Assessment of eroded areas and those vulnerable to erosion will avail to regional and national authorities
the much-needed information on threatened areas for proper planning for investment and management of
their coastal areas.
(b) The mitigation measures will restore degraded areas, so that they continue to function for the socio-
economic wellbeing of all stakeholders and biodiversity.
(c) The capacity building and awareness raising package will :
·
Produce trained local professionals in the planning, designing and implementation of mitigation
measures
·
Enhance technology transfer through international collaboration and also enhance intra-regional co-
operation and collaboration
· Raise awareness to all stakeholders
3.
Project Components/Activities
The National Reports recommended the following measures to be undertaken in order to restore and protect
the degraded areas:
Cote d'Ivoire: Demonstrative restoration of the Grand-Lahou area.
Gambia: Establishing a coastal area management mechanism to monitor the effect of the on-going coastal
protection project using three different ways: visual observation, topographic survey and bathymetric survey.
Low, middle and high level personnel will be trained on the identification and assessment of causes of
coastal erosion and sedimentation and on coastal protection methods. Technicians will be trained to
implementation, monitoring and maintenance of coastal protection works. Awareness of the general public,
especially those living in the coastal zone, will be raised on the essence and best and low-tech practices of
coastal protection.
Ghana: To design the restoration and appropriate protection of the integrity of the Ada-Volta Delta Anyanui
Estuary Mangrove Complex by:
(a) Designing and testing an appropriate protection measure for the adjacent shoreline.
(b) Designing of an entrainment structure, e.g. breakwater to keep the estuary wider all the year round and
allow salt water intrusion further inland than what is obtained now with the view to wipe out bilharzia,
thereby increasing tourism potential and fisheries for the impoverished riparian communities.
(c) Reforestation of degraded mangrove area to enhance the recovery of the lost biodiversity.
Kenya: Assessment of sources and loads of suspended sediments discharge into the Bay. Assessment of the
impacts of suspended sediments on the ecosystems especially the beach, coral reefs, seagrass and mangroves
in the Malindi Bay
Mauritius: Investigation on the efficacy of gabions that are already in place; assessment of the present level
of shoreline changes; modelling coastal hydrodynamics and forecasting the impact of future coastal
developments, designing and testing novel protective measures and monitor the effect of these measures on
the shoreline.
In Mozambique, interventions will include studies on historical shoreline changes of the Mozambican
coastline, modelling of hydrodynamics in the hotspot area of Maputo Bay and Beira, testing of a novel
protection at Maputo.
In Nigeria, the cope of intervention will include identification of the causes, design mitigation options for
Eket, Lagos, Forcados and Ondo (Mahin).and test an appropriate protection measure at one of the of the four
places.
Seychelles: building capacity in research and development of alternative building materials and revegetation
of degraded areas to establish the natural coastline.
For South Africa, the aim of this proposal is to protect the beach of Langebaan in the Saldanha Bay by
constructing two groyne structures on the shoreline and partially restore the beach through replenishment. It
is proposed to construct the two groyne structures approximately 500 m apart and will be 350 m in length.
Partial replenishment is estimated to be 450 000 m3, after which natural replenishment is expected.
In Tanzania, interventions will include modelling coastal hydrodynamics and testing novel protective
measures at Dar es Salaam (Ocean Rd and Oysterbay area) and Zanzibar at Jambiani village, where a
settlement has lost property.
In order to meet these objectives and deliver the planned results for each of the recommended measures in
the requesting countries, the activities are divided into three components:
COMPONENT 1: Assessment of affected and vulnerable shorelines to erosion in Sub-Saharan Africa
The component's objective is to the extent of shoreline changes along the sub-Saharan African coast, which
are affected by erosion. The activity will also seek to assess the vulnerability of the shorelines to erosion and
consequently devise national and regional management strategies to counter act the predicted impact.
Output 1:
Mapping of affected and vulnerable areas to erosion
The following activities will be carried out:
· Acquisition of admiralty charts and aerial photos, satellite images of the entire coastline to obtain
background information on coastal geomorphology and topography
· Assessment of the present level of shoreline change
· Demarcate locations and extent of each habitat/development type under threat to erosion in each
country on detailed maps.
· Perform risk analysis and produce coastal vulnerability index (CVI)
· Digitise all spatial data for each country and enter into a suitable geographically referenced
information system (e.g. Map Info or Arc View) and combine this into a single GIS data set for the
entire region/continent
· Develop national and regional/continental scale strategies appropriate for each habitat/development
type to be implemented in each country/region.
1.2.1.1 COMPONENT 2: Investigation on factors affecting shoreline change and implementing
demonstrative mitigation options in the identified hotspots and sensitive areas
1.3
In this component, demonstration sites in the degraded hotspot and sensitive areas will be restored
and protected from the recurrence of coastal erosion or beach accretion in the following participating
countries:
Cote d'Ivoire: Demonstrative restoration of the Grand-Lahou area
Ghana: To design the restoration of the integrity of the Ada-Volta Delta Anyanui Estuary Mangrove
Complex. This will involve designing of an appropriate shoreline protection, designing of an entrainment
structure and replanting of mangroves in the degraded mangrove areas.
Mauritius: Assess the present level of shoreline changes, model coastal hydrodynamics and forecasting the
impact of future coastal developments, design and test novel protective measures at Flic and Flac, Riambel
and Grand Bay and monitor the effect of these measures on the shoreline.
Nigeria: To design the restoration of the integrity of degraded areas at Eket, Lagos, Forcados and Ondo
(Mahin). This will involve testing of a protection measure at one of the degraded areas.
Senegal: The implementation of the project will take place in the Cap-Vert Peninsula Little Coast area.
This objective of this project is to:
- Carry out topographic, geologic, oceanographic, hydro-meteorological and geotechnical studies
- Assess the effectiveness of the protection methods already set in place in the previous years and
- Design the restoration of the degraded areas at Mbor, Kayar, Ouraye Lake, "Fleche de Joal, Mbodiene"
and Fleche de Sangomar. Implement a demonstrative protection at one of the six degraded areas.
Seychelles: Re-vegetation to establish the natural coastline.
South Africa: Design and test a structure or partial replenishment that will be appropriate to protect the
beach at Langebaan.
Tanzania: Design and testing of novel protective measures at Dar es Salaam and Jambiani in Zanzibar
The objective of this component is to:
·
Investigate the causes of erosion and efficacy of the employed control measures
·
Restore demonstration sites in the degraded areas with the application of appropriate adaptation or
protection technology
Output 2.1:
Assessment of factors affecting shoreline change
The following analytical activities will be implemented:
· Establish sea level variations over a geological time scale
· Collect information on meteorological data (e.g. winds, rainfall, temperature, cyclones, storms, etc.)
· Collection of existing seismic and gravity data
· Dating of corals to find out if local subsidence took place and contributed to the observed erosion
(This activity is meant to augment tide gauge data)
· Assessment of the historical contribution of rivers to the coastal sediment budgets;
· Anthropogenic activities contributing to coastal erosion: sand mining, building of groynes, jetties,
building on the beaches, dune deforestation, etc.
· In-situ measurement of waves, currents and sediment transport (one year)
· Hind casting and modelling of coastal processes
Then a detailed analysis and assessment of the causes affecting shoreline change in each of the selected sites
will be prepared. This study will also propose a recommended course of action for mitigation.
Output 2.2:
Planning and designing
This is the stage to decide which action could be best taken. The following activities will be carried out:
· Evaluation of prevailing criteria that guide local, national or regional policy preparation, as well as
on existing coastal development and management plans
· Determine the optional adaptation technology and timing of implementation using such tools as
cost/benefit analysis, cost/effectiveness analysis, risk/ effectiveness analysis
· Conduct EIA to identify possible adverse environmental effects resulting from implementing the
optional technology.
· Through consultation with the local partners and stakeholders, agree on a set of remedy action.
Output 2.3:
Implementation of mitigation options at demonstration sites
In this task and for each of the selected site, the identified technology is implemented either alone or in
combination with the others. This task will involve:
· Develop concepts of alternative building materials
· Design and test an appropriate protection method.
· Monitoring of mitigation options and exchanging of experience and lessons learned through a
regional workshop
1.3.1.1 Component 3: Capacity Building and awareness raising
1.3.1.2
The capacity building is expected to upgrade the level of expertise in partner countries. This may include
activities such as:
· Training-on-the-job in software and data management
· Sharing of modelling and data management experience with other countries outside Sub-Saharan
Africa
· Provision of software and hardware
· Conducting regional training workshops
· Support intra-regional exchange of scientists, technicians and experts in the region. Establish a
regional network and database for coastal erosion information
· Support study tours and visits to the sites
· Production of public awareness materials such as brochures, booklets, flyers, etc
· Information dissemination through publications and public awareness campaign through the media.
4. Linkages to other National or Regional Activities/Trans-boundary Aspects
Links to past projects/experiences in the region: There is a regional experience accrued from past coastal
erosion projects in the region and these include the following:
UNESCO funded the WACAF 3 project whose objective was to examine coastal erosion in the West African
region (from Mauritania to Senegal). This project spanned from 1981 to 1985). Then the FAC (Fonds d'Aide
et de Coopération) funded the "Coastal Erosion" project in the period 1986-1990 whose aim was to identify
the situation of coastal erosion in the Gulf of Guinea (Côte d'Ivoire, Ghana, Togo, and Benin). The European
Union funded an expertise on coastal erosion in the Gulf of Benin (Ghana, Togo, Benin and Nigeria)
between 1988 and 1990. This project ended with a portfolio of concrete actions to combat coastal erosion.
UAO and PNUE funded pilot projects to combat coastal erosion, one of them, whose output was building of
groins based on the principle of low cost technologies, was realised in Cotonou in 1998. Numerous
colloquiums, international meetings have been convened on the subject.
The Commission of the Department of Rural Development and Environment of the Union Economique et
Monétaire Ouest Africaine (UEMOA) funded a feasibility study on "Regional Programme to Combat
Coastal Erosion" (October 2000). Countries that were covered included Benin, Côte d'Ivoire, Gambia,
Ghana, Senegal and Togo. In this report the consultant, L. Gnonlonfin, identified sensitive sites to coastal
erosion, which correspond to the to the sensitive areas or hot spots identified in the GEF MSP project
Links to regional and sub-regional programmes:
The project aim and main objective are directly linked to the Nairobi and Abidjan Conventions. Paragraph
16 of the Biennial Work Programme for the Implementation of the Nairobi Convention (2000-2001)
stipulates that the Contacting Parties to the Nairobi Convention recommended that one of the areas of focus
under the assessment theme was shoreline changes. Paragraph 25 of the Programme stipulates that its
activities should aim at refining the methodology for long-term monitoring for coastal erosion and at
implementing recommended simple but effective mitigation methods on selected sites.
Article 10 of the Abidjan Convention for Cooperation in the Protection and Development of the Marine and
Coastal Environment of the West and Central African Region stipulates: "The Contracting Parties shall take
all appropriate measures to prevent, reduce, combat and control coastal erosion in the Convention area
resulting from man's activities, such as land reclamation and coastal engineering".
The UNEP Regional Seas Programme is the main framework for coastal and marine environment. It is also
responsible for the regional Conventions (Abidjan and Nairobi).
The Gulf of Guinea Large Marine Ecosystem (GOG-LME) had a workshop in Accra (14-18 may 2001) to
evaluate the results of the pilot phase. 6 national pilot projects and 2 regional projects have been approved by
the meeting. Among the national pilot projects, one is of relevance to this project: use of low cost
technologies for coastal protection in Côte d'Ivoire. One of the 2 regional projects is relative to the
establishment of an integrated regional system for the data and information management to help the
decisions.
The Marine Science for Management (MASMA), which is funded by Sida, began in 2001. This programme
replaces a former one regional marine science program that ended in December 1999. The long-term
objective of the project is to achieve regional benefits by developing and implementing research projects that
focus on maintenance, restoration, conservation and sustainable management of coastal and marine resources
of the WIO region. To fulfil this objective, interdisciplinary collaboration between natural and social
scientists will be an important component of the programme. The immediate objectives are to implement a
series of activities that are designed to gradually and systematically build up and strengthen individual and
institutional capacities to conduct research that contributes to the well being of the people of the region.
Links to existing national projects and programmes:
At national level, some projects and programmes already exist. In The Gambia, there is an ADB funded
project on "Coastal Protection" At present, the Coastal Protection Project in Gambia (2002-2004), funded by
the African Development Bank, is in progress. The project seeks to mitigate the beach erosion along the
coastline and sedimentation at Barra Ferry Terminal. The stability of the coast will improve accessibility to
tourist centres, availability of hotels and restaurant facilities and increase income for local people, especially
women who sell their agriculture produce or engage in trading and fishing activities. In Ghana, there is the
"Keta Sea Defense Project" whose area of concern is located in the same Volta delta area but more to the
east. All the projects of coastal management could be integrated in the development of national policies such
as Environmental Action Plans and Integrated Coastal Zone Management Policies.
In Seychelles, a detailed study of coastal dynamics and the anthropogenic disturbance of hydrodynamic
processes was undertaken between 1996 and 1999. Basing on the study, a new beach protection strategy was
defined in 2000, initiated by the Ministry of environment and funded by the Regional Environmental
Programme of the Indian Ocean Commission. This is a long-term programme. The main components of this
project include:
- Trial of new technical solutions where hard structures failed (beach nourishment for example);
- Training courses and field studies for technicians at all institutions and public service agencies
concerned with coastal erosion
Setting up of setback lines and enforcing building permits and environmental impact assessment
This project will be linked to the regional and national projects and programmes through study of the past
projects to draw knowledge and experiences from them. Efforts should be made to study the existing projects
in Ghana, Nigeria, Seychelles and Mauritius in order to arrive at a simpler but effective restoration and
mitigation options.
5. Demonstrative value and replicability
This project has been formulated such that implementation follows a logical sequence. It is easy for a
participating country to decide which component is required. Countries that have already assessed coastal
erosion and the vulnerability of their shorelines to erosion (Component 1), e.g. Cote d'Ivoire, Gambia, Ghana
and Nigeria are assumed to have the required information for a direct implementation of restoration and
mitigation measures in the identified hotspots and sensitive areas. Their role in the region as regards
Component 1 will be to share their experiences and information with the others.
Implementation of Component 2 is a step by step activity and covers all those hotspots and sensitive areas of
the participating countries. Restoration of the areas and the mitigation of erosion will be based upon
scientific study, environmental impact assessment, testing of different options and, finally in consultation
with all stakeholders, decide on the optimum option. This is to be implemented in Cote d'Ivoire, Ghana,
Mauritius, Mozambique, Nigeria, Senegal, South Africa and Tanzania. This process is replicable in other
countries of the Sub-Saharan Africa (e.g. Togo, Benin, Guinea Bissau, etc.), other African Countries and
beyond.
Implementation of the entire project will generate experiences and information within the participating
countries and outside. The restored areas will be demonstration sites to be replicable for many years to come
in many parts of Africa and beyond.
6. Risks and Sustainability
Assumptions:
On this project, it has been assumed that the requesting countries are committed and twill share part of the
costs involved in its implementation and that their economies will bear the load. It has also been assumed
that African experts will be available to undertake the studies and implementation of the restoration and
mitigation measures. Furthermore, it has been assumed that there will be no political instability, which will
jeorpadise the implementation of the project.
Measure to mitigate potential risks: The level of risk associated with the proposed project is considered
"acceptable" in the context of the endorsement of the requesting governments, which shows a clear support
to this renewable natural resource sector in the Sub-Saharan Africa. A number of measures have nevertheless
been incorporated into project design to mitigate this risk where possible:
The financial contribution to the project has been kept at minimum level. In most cases, the required in-kind
contribution will be available
African experts have shown commitment during the development of the proposals and it is expected that
they will avail themselves to the implementation stage
The coordination and management mechanisms of the project will consist of regional experts.
For the purposes of risk management, minimum acceptable levels of project performance are set out below. The
project will fail if:
There is political instability in one of the participating countries.
There is weak co-ordination and management. This risk is minimised because a strong co-ordination is
set up at both national and regional levels.
Funding is disbursed in time and as required. This will be minimised if both the funding agencies and the
recipient countries co-operate very closely.
To assist in the assessment of risk, Table 2 summarises the risks and assumptions as identified in the Logical
Framework.. In this, informed judgements on the probability of occurrence of the identified risk/assumption
were assessed and a level of impact of that risk assigned. The conclusion of this exercise was that the project
should be considered to be "low ".
Table 2. Risks and assumptions
Assumptions Risks Measures
1.
National
1. Funds for cost sharing may 1. There is limited in-cash
governments are committed not be available
contribution. Majority of coast
and will share part of the costs
sharing is in-kind.
involved.
2.
African experts may not 2. Africa has enough experts from
2.
African experts will
be available
which to choose
be available.
3.
Political instability is 3. There is enough stability.
3.
There will be no
possible
Moreover, project management
political instability
4.
Aerial maps may not be will be in the hands of experts
4.
Aerial maps will be
available
4. Efforts will be made to get them
available
5.
Funding may delay
elsewhere, even outside the region
5.
Funding will be 6.
Project may not be 5. Efforts will be made to ensure
available in time
completed in time to natural funding is available in time
6.
Project will be disasters like floods, storms, 6. Implementation schedule will
completed in time and as
etc.
have to be adjusted
planned
Sustainability: This will depend strongly on the successful and timely completion of the project. The
capacity built within this project, i.e. procurement of field and laboratory equipment, exchange of experts,
region workshops and training of low, middle and high cadres will be a basis for sustainability of the project.
The capacity building will strengthen institutional capacity in coastal protection and management. Moreover,
It is expected that the national governments and other parties (donors, private sector, NGOs) will ensure that
their participating institutions are provided with adequate budgetary means in the future to maintain the data
gathering/processing stock assessment and approaches to collaborative management of the project
7. Stakeholder
participation
Project Stakeholders: The National governments and their agencies such as the National Environment
Management Agencies/Councils, Tourist hotels, investors, local communities, especially the local fisher-
folk, Research institutions, Building Contractors and Consulting Engineers are the major stakeholders and
beneficiaries of the project. On a smaller scale, overseas institutions may benefit from the project by
supplying field and laboratory equipment.
Participation in the project will involve local authorities, NGOs and CBO especially the local communities in
providing labour and indigenous knowledge.
8.
Project Management and Implementation Arrangements
It is proposed to form a Regional Steering Committee, comprising a regional co-ordinator and at least two
technical experts, one of whom should be a professional coastal engineer and the other a socio-economics
scientist, to guide and supervise the operation of the project. In each participating country, a technical team
comprising of at least two people within the National Executing Agency will be appointed to form the
National Steering Committee.
9. Project Financing and duration
The project's duration is envisaged for five years. However, some of the components may finish earlier than
this. Component 1 is expected to last one year, while Component 2 will vary from country to country.
Component 3 is expected to last as long as the project lasts.
Requested funds will cover all components and administrative costs of the project as follows:
Project Co-ordination and Management: Funds will cover meetings of the Regional Steering Committee
and the Full Group Steering Committee which will meet once a year. The Regional Co-ordinator and the two
technical experts are expected to spend about 3 man-months in a year. Members of the National Steering
Committees are expected to spend 2 man-months in a year. The Regional Steering Committee will have two
travels per year: one in mid year and the other one during the annual Full Group Steering Committee. The
duration of a meeting will be three days. This component is estimated to cost $0.75 million
Component 1: Implementation of this work package will involve purchasing aerial photos, digitising them
and entering the data into GIS. This activity is estimated to cost $1.3 million.
Component 2: This is a major component of the project, whose implementation will leave a demonstrative
value to sustainable coastal protection and management. It will involve mapping of hydrodynamic
parameters such as waves, currents and sediment transport in the designated hotspots and sensitive areas. For
each hotspot, 3 current meters, 3 PUVs, a GPS and hiring of a boat will be required. Software for data
analysis and modelling (e.g. MIKE 21) will be purchased. An EIA will be conducted, after which the
selected option for erosion control will be implemented. Table 3 summarises estimates for implementing this
component based on national reports and country co-ordinators.
Table 3. Estimated costs for implementing Component 2
Participating Country
Requested Financing (million USD)
*Cote d'Ivoire
1.2
*Ghana
3.1
*Mauritius
3.5
Mozambique
2.7
*Nigeria
2.5
*Senegal
4.1
Seychelles
0.8
*South Africa
2.5
*Tanzania
2.7
Total 23.1
* Source: National reports or co-ordinators
Component 3: This activity will involve research in alternative building materials, purchasing of some
hardware, regional training in coastal protection methods. The course will be of one-week duration. Other
activities include exchange of experts, study visits, workshops, information dissemination, raising public
awareness. This activity is estimated to cost $ 3.4 million
It is expected that office space, human resources infrastructure will be available for the project in the
participating countries. Table 4 summarises proposed activity financing for the project.
Table 4. Component and Activity Financing (5 years duration)
External
Source
National Governments Total
of Funds
(million US$)
(million US$)
(million US$)
Item
Cash
In-kind
M/m $
1. Project co-ordination and 0.66
0.09
105
0.75
management
2. Component 1: Output 1
1.1
0.2
1.3
3. Component 2
- Output 2.1
1.8
0.2
-
2.0
- Output 2.2
0.5
0.2
0.7
- Output 2.3
CI
0.8
0.2
0.2
1.2
GH
2.5
0.4
0.2
3.1
MA
2.7
0.3
0.2
3.5
MOZ
1.5
0.2
2.7
NI
2.0
0.3
0.2
2.5
SEN
3.5
0.4
0.2
4.1
SEY
0.6
0.1
0.1
0.8
SA
1.8
0.2
0.5
2.5
TZ
2.5
0.2
2.7
4. Component 3:
3
0.3
0.1
3.4
1.3.1.3 GRAND TOTAL
24.96 2.2
2.79
29.95
Note: This budget is preliminary and has not undergone a full consultation process with the respective
countries. Therefore, does not indicate the actual financial commitment that would be provided by
participating countries once the project proposal and its components are finalised.
10. Monitoring, Evaluation and Dissemination
Monitoring and evaluation plan of the project:
Monitoring of the progress of the project will be the responsibility of the Regional Co-ordinating Committee
and the Executing Agency in each of the participating countries. Efforts should be made to ensure the
following:
- Component 1: Biannual reports are produced and end-user maps are available at the end of the first year.
- Component 2: Biannual reports are produced, a consulting engineering company (preferably from the
region) is engaged to ensure quality control for each project, a competent contractor is engaged to carry
out the restoration and construction works. Baseline information should be collected in the beginning of
the project for a later comparison. Proper records should be kept in accordance with the rules and
procedures of building contracts.
- Component 3: The Executing Agency of each of the participating country will be responsible for the
purchases, inventory and stock taking of the stores. The Funding Agency should put a mechanism in
place to ensure audit. There should be activity reports on meetings and workshops.
Involvement of beneficiaries and other stakeholders
National governments and their agencies will be directly involved through the Executing Agencies and Focal
Points. Hotel-owners should be involved right from the beginning to ensure harmony and common
understanding of the project. The local communities shall be involved in the planning stage, implementation
(it will be a good opportunity for them to get a job) and in the evaluation phase. Research institutions,
especially those engaged in Marine Sciences, should be involved in providing expertise.
Information dissemination:
Information gathered and experienced gained from implementing the project will be disseminated through
workshops, reports, flyers and peer-reviewed publications. It is recommended that the information be
archived in databases.
Performance indicators of the project results: For the objectives, performance indicators include end-user
maps, database, restored areas, laboratory and field equipment, workshops, proceedings, publications and
certificates awarded to successful participants in the training courses. The log-framework matrix shows
performance indicators for all the variables.
Work Plan and timetable
Components Year
1
2
3
4
5
Co-ordination
and
Management
Component 1
Component 2
- Output 2.1
- Output 2.2
- Output 2.3
Component 3
1.3.1.4 Logical Framework Matrix
Summary Verifiable
indicators
Means
of
Critical assumptions
Verification
and risks
Overall goal of the intervention:
-
Map vulnerable areas to
-
Aerial photos are
coastal erosion
-
Reports and Maps
-
Regional
available
-
Restore hotspot and
-
No erosion
meetings
-
Local GIS
sensitive areas
-
Inspection
specialists are
available
-
Local coastal
engineers are
available
Objectives:
(1)
To identify populations
-
Reports, maps,
Regional meetings
As above
and resources that have been
database
Inspection
affected and map vulnerable -
No erosion
areas and resources to
-
Equipment,
coastal erosion
proceedings,
(2)
To restore and protect the
workshops,
integrity of degraded
publications, study
(eroded or accreted)
visits and
hotspots and sensitive areas
certificates
that have been identified in
the national reports
(3)
To enhance capacity of
the Sub-Saharan Africa in
sustainable coastal
protection methods and
management
Project
impact
Investment will be socio-economic
Project will be
attracted in the
survey
completed in time and
formerly degraded
space as planned
areas. Local
communities will have
job opportunities and
later have their landing
sites restored.
Project outputs
-
information on threatened - Reports and maps
Regional and
Aerial photos are
areas
national meetings
available
-
restored degraded areas
GIS is used
-
enhanced capacity
-
Improved Socio- Socio-economic
Managers appreciate the
economic well
survey
information
being of
stakeholders
-
Trained
professionals and
acquired
equipment
Components/ Activities (project Proceedings of
Funding
will
be
components)
meetings
available and in time
National governments
will remain supportive
of the project